Method of and apparatus for molding plastic material



June 24, 1947.

w. H. BAGLEY, JR 2,422,999 METHOD off-AND APPARATUS 'FOR MOLDING PLASTIC MATERIAL Filed April 27, 1945 Y 2 sheetsheet 1 t\ w Q W l Q g l Q ll r1 l l f W l l l Q V\ l l T E g l W Q 1 um D [l] ll Y x l :h

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June 24, 1947. I w BAGLEY', JR 2,422,999

METHOD 0F A-ID APPARATUS FOR MOLDING PLASTIC MATERIAL @i A 'mgdvffmirma/viva,

Patented June 24, 1947 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MOLDING PLASTIC MATERIAL Application April 27, 1945, Serial No. 590,557

This invention relates to the molding plastic bodies and has for its principal object the provision of an improved method and apparatus for accomplishing such molding.

Objects of the invention include the provision of a method of acting upon a flat sheet of plastic material whereby to permanently deform such sheet to conform to the size, shape and contour of a desired finished product; the provision of a method for accomplishing the above-described result including the Istep of applying heat to the plastic sheet to rend it readily moldable, then applying fluid pressure to the sheet to cause it to conform to the size, shape and contour of the co-operating mold part, and then cooling the material to fix it in its molded form; the provision of a method as above described including the step of applying heat to the opposite sides of the flat sheet prior to deformation thereof; the provision of a method as above described in which the application of heat to one face of the ilat sheet is accomplished through contact of such face with a heated liquid; the provision of a method as above described in which heat is applied to the opposite faces-of the sheet of plastic material; the provision of a method as above described in which the iiuid pressure employed for deforming the sheet is air pressure; and the provision of a method as above described in which the cooling of the molded material is accomplished by cooling the mold by means of a refrigerated coolant.

Other objects of the invention include the provision of apparatus for molding plastic sheets comprising a mold having a depression therein of the size, shape and contour of the exterior of the desired nnal product, together with a cover member for the open side thereof co-operable with the mold part to clamp a sheet of the plastic material between it and the mold, means being provided for filling the depressionV of the mold with heated fluid directly contacting the sheet of plastic material, and for heating the cover member, together with means for introducing fluid under pressure between the cover member and the sheet of plastic material to cause the sheet of plastic material, softened, under the inluence of the heat of the liquid and cover, to be deformed and be caused to conform to the depression of the mold; the provision of a construction as above described in which the cover member is adapted for flat contacting relationship with respect to one surface of the sheet of plastic material; the provision of a construction as above described in which means are provided 12 Claims. (Cl. 18-19) for circulating a heating medium through the cover member, and for filling the mold depression with a heated liquid at will; theprovisionof the construction above described including means operable to bathe the exterior surface of the mold depression-forming element with a cooling iiuid; the provision of a construction as above described in which support lforming ymeans is provided in enclosing relationship with respect to the moldforming element and means are provided for cooling the mold-forming element by filling the space between it and the support forming means with a cooling iiuid; the provision of apparatus of the type described above including novel form of means for heating marginal portions of the sheet of plastic material between the mold and the cover; the provision of a mold cover of novel construction adapted to reduce the stress applied to the sheet of plastic material during the bending operation by insuring ample heat to the plastic material along lthe line of maximum bend thereof; and the provision of i molding apparatus of the type described having certain other new and novel features of construction.

The above being among the objects of the present invention, the same consists of certain new and novel features of construction and combinations of parts, together withV certainnovel steps of operation, to be hereinafter described with reference to the accompanying drawings, and then claimed, having the above and other objects in view. t

In the accompanying drawings which illustrate a suitable embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention by means of `which the steps of operation of the present invention may be successfully carried out, and in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several diiferent views:

Fig. 1 is a plan view of molding apparatus employed in the moldingof a flat sheet of plastic material to a desired size, shape and contour` in accordance with the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a side elevational view of the apparatus shown in Fig. l together with liquid storage and circulating apparatus therefor shown in a more or less diagrammatic manner to illustrate its application thereto;

Fig. 3 is an enlarged vertical transverse sectional view taken on the line 3--3 of Fig. 2;

Fig-4 is an enlarged fragmentary transverse sectional View taken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 2;"

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary plan View of the struc- 3 ture shown in Fig. 4 taken as on the line 5-5 of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary transverse sectional view taken as on the line 6-6 of Fig. l and illustrating the seal employed between the cover and the mold for sealing the plastic thereto; and

Fig. 7 is a reduced perspective View of the nished product produced by the particular form of apparatus shown in the drawings by way of illus trating the application of the present invention.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for acting upon a flat sheet of plastic material for the purpose of causing it to be formed into an article of desired size, shape and contour. Sheets of any thermoplastic material such as cellulose acetate or any of the more recent wellknown thermoplastic resins or the like suitable for use in the desired final product may be employed. Likewise, sheets of any suitable thermosetting plastic, resins or the like may be employed when in their partially cured state or condition at which time they maybe rendered further plastic by the application of heat thereto if necessary and, in any case, will be brought to their finally cured condition by the application of further heat thereto. For the purposes of explanation herein, it will be assumed, as a matter of illustration, that the particular sheet of plastic material to be operated upon is formed of a thermoplastic material, for instance, cellulose acetate.

The present invention is applicable to the molding of plastic bodies from sheets of Plastic material regardless of the size of the body as long as a single unitary sheet of plastic material of sufficient size may be obtained to form the same therefrom, and it may be formed in accordance with the invention to substantially any desired size, shape or contour. The sheet of plastic material may be either of the plain or of the laminated type, the latter being preferable in many cases because of increased strength of the final product. In the particular .case `Shown rin the drawings by way of illustration, it is assumed that it is desired to form one-half of a generally torpedo-shaped bOdy, specifically one-half of a body for a SO-.callcd external iettison auxiliary fuel tank wsuch as are now commonly employed on aircraft to increase the fuel capacity thereof in order to extend the normal range of operation thereof.

As indicated in Fig. 7, the half of such tank thus formed by the specific apparatus shown by way of illustration is composed of a body of semicircular cross-sectional coniiguration varying in dimension lQngitudinally thereof and it is provided with an outwardly directed flange I2 around its open side, the flange l2 being continuous and lying in a single plane. In practice, two of the bodies such as shown in Fig. 7 are applied together with their open sides in opposed relationship and the flanges I2 in contact with each other, the flanges I2 being secured together to form the final product. The relative size of the flange shown in Fig. 7 is greater than that employed in the nal product, being of the same size as received from the mold or die. Such anges may be either partially or completely removed in the final product, depending upon the type of product being formed, its method of securement to other parts, or upon other conditions- Referring now to the drawings, the mold comprises a body I4'of metal which may be formed in onepart, or a number of parts suitably secured together as shown, and formed to provide a mold 4 depression I6 of the exact size, shape and contour as the exterior size, shape and contour of the major portion of the article to be formed. The body I4 is preferably of no greater thickness than that required to withstand the pressure to which it is subjected in practice without substantial deformation thereof and is preferably exteriorly finned or ribbed as at I8 to enhance the rate of heat transfer therefrom for reasons which will hereinafter be apparent. Preferably, although not necessarily, in order to further enhance the heat transfer quality of the mold, it is formed from a light metal such as aluminum, magnesium, or alloys of these metals.

At its open side, the mold I 4 is provided with an outwardly projecting flange portion 20, shown as formed integrally therewith in the embodiment shown by way of illustration. The ange 20 has a plain upper face 22 disposed perpendicular to the vertical central plane of the mold depression I6. The edge formed at the junction of the mold depression I6 and the face 22 is preferably rounded oif as indicated at 24 in Fig. 6 so as to eliminate an excessively sharp bend in the sheet of plastic material when being formed.

The mold may be supported in any suitable manner, that is, by legs, a framework, or the like, but in the particular case shown it is supported by means of imperforate, vertically directed side walls 26 formed integrally therewith and connected thereto through the flange 22, the side walls extending downwardly and being outwardly flanged as at 28 around their lower margins to provide a support contacting face.

One step of the operation of forming a plastic member in accordance with the present invention by means of the apparatus shown consists of cooling the mold I4 and while, broadly, this may be accomplished in any suitable manner such as by blowing or spraying a suitable uid against the outer surface of the mol-d I4, it is preferred to surround the outer surface of the mold I4 with a body of preferably refrigerated liquid. In order to enable this to be done, a horizontal wall 30 is extended between and sealed to the side walls 26 at a point spaced above the lower edge thereof so as to form a liquid-tight chamber 32 between it, the side wall 26, and the mold I4.

In operation, a flat sheet of plastic material of the type described and indicated at 34 is first cut to a shape substantially conforming to the shape of the outer edges of the flange 20 of the mold I4, is applied to the at surface 22 with its edges aligned with the outer edges of the flange 20, and is sealed to such flat face 22 by means of `a cover indicated generally at 36. In the broader aspects of the invention the cover Bt may comprise any sufficiently rigid member of substantially the same contour of the outer edges of the flange 20 and having a fla-t lower face adapted for complementary reception on the flat face 22 with the marginal edges of the plastic sheet 34 interposed therebetween. Particularly where the sheet of plastic is relatively thin, the time required to bring it to the proper temperature for the drawing operation is not important. However, in accordance with .a more limited phase of the present invention, the cover is hollow so as to permit circulation of a heating fluid therethrough, thus to enable heat to be applied to both the upper and lower faces of the plastic sheet in order to cut down the time required to bring the plastic sheet to the desired state of plasticity required in the forming operation. This feature is particularly desirable in molding plastic sheets of material thickness.

In the particular case shown, the cover 36 comprises a frame-like member 38 of constant thickness and of an exterior size, shape and contour conforming to that of the flange 2i). It may be conveniently formed from a suitable metallic plate. It is centrally provided with, or if formed from a plate is centrally cut away to provide, an opening therein of a size, shape and contour closely conforming to that of the open side of the mold depression i6. Preferably, and in accordance with the more limited phase of .the invention, the lower inner corner of the plate 38 is outwardly and downwardly beveled as at` 40 for a purpose which will hereinafter be explained.

Ametal strip 42, arranged so that its plane of thickness is perpendicular to the member 38, is secured to the upper face of the member 38 as by welding or the like, and extends around the outer periphery thereof in flush relationship with such outer periphery. A similar strip 44 is similarly extended around the inner periphery of the member 33 in inwardly spaced relation to the strip t2. A solid plate member 48 of the same peripheral size, shape and contour as the flange 2i) and member 36 is then secured in sealed and overlying relationship with respect to the upper edges of the strips 42 and M, as shown. A relatively thin metallic plate 50 is extended between and sealed to the inner margins of the plate member 38 and is set into such lower margins, as best illustrated in Fig. 6, so that its lower face is Aflush with the lower face of the member 38.

Thus, a chamber 52 is formed interiorly of the cover 3b, which chamber is of the same contour as the open upper end of the mold depression I6 and is of the same size thereof except adjacent its bottom, where it is laterally outwardly extended because of the bevel 40, to a point outwardly of the outer `margins of the mold depression i6. Preferably, the cover 36 is reinforced against distortion by means of angle sectional webs or flanges 54 projecting upwardly from and suitably fixed to the upper face of the member te, as shown.

The cover 36 may be removably secured with respect to the mold I4 in any suitable or conventional manner, but preferably through some form of quick acting clamping means. In the particular case shown in the drawings by way of illustration, such clamping means are as follows. At spaced intervals around the upper edges of the vside walls 26, a plurality of pads are provided, shown as being formed integrally therewith. Each pad 66 is provided with a at, vertically directed outer face to which is suitably secured the flat base 62 of sa clamping device. Only one clamping device is shown in Fig. 2, in order to simplify the drawing, it being understood that in practicea clamping device will be mounted on all the pads 69.

Adjacent its upper edge, each base 62 i-s provided with a pair of laterally spaced, outwardly projecting ears or lbosses 64, between which is received and to which is pivoted between its ends by means of a horizontally disposed pin 66, a double armed lever 68 having an inwardly directed or hooked upper end. A cylinder and piston assembly indicated generally at 10 is interposed between the lower free end of each lever 68 and its corresponding base 62. Each cylinder and piston assembly 10 is arranged to exert an outward pressure on the lower end of the corresponding lever 68 when pressure is applied thereto,

and a spring 'I2 is provided between the lower arm of each lever 68 and the corresponding base 62 constantly urging the lever 68 in a direction of rotation opposite to that in which it is actuated by the piston and cylinder assembly 10. When a pistonV and cylinder assembly l0 is actuated by the application of fluid pressure thereto, the upper hooked end of the corresponding lever 68 is swung inwardly and downwardly into engagement with the upper outer marginal edge of the cover 36 and applies pressure thereto tending to force the cover 36 downwardly toward the flat surface 22 of the mold flange 2U, thus to clamp the cuter marginal edges of the sheet 3d of plastic between the cover and the ange 22. When the fluid pressureapplied to the piston and cylinder assembly l0 is relieved, then the spring 12 acts to shift the lever 68 in a direction to bring the upper hooked end thereof upwardly out of contact with the cover 36 and sufficiently laterally outwardly therefrom as to permit the cover to be lifted without interference from the lever 68. It will, of course, be understood that in practice all or" the cylinder and piston assemblies l0 are connected `to a single source of fluid pressure and are all controlled by a single valve.

Particularly where the cover 86 is relatively large and heavy, as assumed in the particular case under consideration, it is preferable to provide power means for lifting the cover 36 so as to permit the introduction of a sheet 36 of plastic between it and the mold and to permit removal of the plastic sheet in molded condition from the mold. While in the broader aspects of the invention such lifting of the cover may be accomplished in any suitable manner, in the particular case shown the plate member 38 of the cover 35 is extended as at 76 at each end thereof and a fluid pressure actuated jack or lift comprising a vertically directed cylinder 'i8 and cooperating piston 80 is positioned under each end '56. Fluid under pressure introduced into the lower end of the cylinders T3, as through conduits 32, acts against the lower ends of the pistons 80, forcing the pistons 80 upwardly in the cylinders 18 and lifting the cover 36 therewith. Upward movement of the cover 3E under the inuence of the cylinder and piston assemblies thus described may be limited by forming a lug such as 84 on each cylinder 78 andprojecting outwardly therefrom and providing a vertically directed rod 85 connected to each end 'i6 and slidably projecting down through the corresponding lugs 34. Each rod 8% is provided with a head 8B thereon which, when the pistons 86 have moved vertically the desired distance, will contact the corresponding lugs 84 and thus limit such upward movement of the pistons 86 and the cover 35. The weight of the cover 3S and the pistons 80 will ordinarily be suicient to cause them to move downwardly when the fluid pressure in the cylinders l is relieved.

In some cases, it will be found advisable to provide means in addition to the opposed flat faces of the flange 20 and the plate'member 38 to seal the margins of the plastic sheet 34 between them during the molding operation, and in Fig. 6 one form of such sealing` means is illustrated.

Referring to Fig. 6, it will be noted that a groove 90 is formed in the lower face of the member 38. The groove 96 is preferably continuous around the member 38 in Aparallel and spaced relation with respect to the inner margin thereof. A similar groove 92 is formed in the upper face 22 of the flange 28, but is preferably outwardly offset from the groove 90 by such a distance that its inner edge is approximately aligned with the outer edge of ther groove 90. A strip 94 of suitable resilient material capable of being compressed, such as cork or other suitable non-metallic material, fills each groove 90 and 92'. The strips 04 are preferably of such depth or vertical dimension that, as brought out in Fig. 6, before the cover 35 is clamped down upon the mold, the strips e will project a short distance beyond the faces of the corresponding members, so that when the cover is clamped to the mold to bring the opposed faces of the flange 20 and platek member 33 into flat contacting engagement with respect to the mar-- gins of the plastic sheet 34, the strips 0e will firmly compressed against the opposite faces of the plastic sheet 34. This has been found to produce an effective seal.

In practice, when it is desired to mold a sheet of plastic, then a flat sheet of plastic as described positioned between the mold and the cover as shown in Fig. 3 and the mold is lled with a heated uid in order to-heat the sheet 34 of plastic so as to soften it for the subsequent molding operation. Where the cover 35 is hollow, as sh and described, then such heated fluid is also preferably applied to the chamber 52 to heat the cover, thus to cause the plastic sheet to be heated from both sides. In order to introduce liquid into the mold cavity i6, the mold |4 at its lowest point is provided with a hollow boss |00, best brought out in Fig. 4, the bore of which opens into the mold cavity i5. A pip@ |02 is threaded into the lower end of the bore of the boss |00.

The pipe |02 is preferably of relatively large size so as to permit a maximum flow of fluid into the mold cavity and the bore of the boss |20 is preferably of a commensurate size. In order to prevent the plastic from being extruded into the bore of the boss |00 under the pressure applied to it to cause it to conform to the size, shape and contour of the mold depression it, means of the character illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, or equivalent means, are preferably provided for permitting the free flow of fluid through the pipe |02 into the mold depression l5 but forming a support for the plastic over the bore in the boss when the fluid is expelled from the mold cavity and the plastic sheet 34 forced against the walls of the same.

The particular means shown for the above described purpose comprises a ring-like support |04 set into the mold I4 in concentric relation with respect to the bore of the boss |00 and secured therein by means of screws |06. The upper face of member |04 is made to conform to the contour of the mold cavity I'S, as shown. Themember |04 is provided with a central hub |08 connected thereto by means of a spider structure or radial arms i0 permitting the free flow of fluid between the hub |00 and the outer portion of the member |06. The hub portion |08 vertically, slidably receives the stem |f|| of a poppet valve-like part having a head H2. The member |04 is formed to provide a seat H4 for receiving the periphery of the head H2 when the latter is in its lowered position which it may assume under the force of gravity. A cross-pin H6', projected through the stem below the hub |08 is received in a diametrieally disposed slot in the lower end of the hub |08. It therefore limits upward movement of the stem HI and head H2 and prevents rotation of the stem and head H2.

When fluid under pressure is applied to the pipe |02, it causes the stem and head H2 to lift and thus freely opens the passage through the member |04 to the flow of fluid into the mold cavity i6. On the other hand, when the ow of iiuid through the pipe |02 into the mold cavity is discontinued, then the pin and the head H2 may drop by gravity to bring the head H2 into seating relation with respect to its seat H4. In such closed position, the upper surface of the head i i2 forms a continuation of the desired contour of the mold depression l5.

When, as assumed in the case under consideration, the uid in the mold cavity IB is discharged through the pipe |02 as Well as introduced into the mold cavity therethrough, then the head member |2 is provided with a plurality of openings such as i8 therein through which the iiuid may escape from the mold cavity l0. The openings ||8 may each be relatively small so that no material extrusion of the plastic sheet 34 therethrough under the molding pressure will occur.

The fluid used for heating the plastic sheet 34 is preferably a liquid introduced in heated condition into the mold cavity. For this purpose a tank |20, shown more-or-less diagrammatically in Fig. 2, is provided as a reservoir for such liquid, the capacity of the tank being, of course, in excess of the volume of the mold cavity I6 and the chamber 52 in the cover 36. A suitable heating means associated therewith, illustrated as a heating coil |22, is provided for bringing the temperature of the liquid in the tank |20 upto, and maintaining it at, the desired value.

In the interest of speeding up production, it is, of course, desirable that the liquid from the tank |20 fill the mold cavity I5 in the shortest time possible, and although any suitable type of pumping means may be employed for effecting this transfer, in View of the fact that the liquid transmitted to the mold cavity I6 is not required to be under any more than a nominal pressure, and particularly where, as in the particular case shown, it is desired to return the liquid from the mold cavity to the tank |20 through the pump, a centrifugal type of pump, such as indicated at |24, is preferably employed in the pipe line |02 connecting the mold cavity with the tank |20. The pumpfl 24 may be driven in any suitable manner. A branch |26 of the pipe |02, including a exible hose section |28, connects the discharge side of the pump |24 with the chamber 52l in the cover 36.

It is, of course, necessary to allow for the escape of air within the mold cavity I6 when the liquid from the tank |20 is introduced thereinto, and the means provided for the escape of such air may also serve as the means for permitting circulation of the liquid through the mold cavity during the heating operation. For this purpose, a pipe |30 is connected into the mold cavity I6 at each end thereof and immediately adjacent the upper edge thereof at each end of the mold cavity and in constant open communication therewith. The pipes |30 are connected back into the tank |20 so that when the pump |24 is actuated to fill the mold cavity |6, the air in the mold cavity will escape through the pipes |30 to the tank |20 and from the tank |20 to the atmosphere. As soon as the mold cavity |6 is filled with the liquid from the tank |20, the liquid will overflow through the pipes |30 and be returned to the tank |20, thus to permit circulation of the liquid.

Branches |32 of the pipes |30, including flexible hose portions |34, allow for the escape of air in the chamber 52 in the cover 36, as well as for the circulation of the heating liquid through the chamber 52. In this connection it; will, of course,

be appreciated that the flexible hose portions |28 and |34 connected to the cover 36 include a sufIicient amount of slack to permit raising and lowering of the cover as previously described without necessitating the disconnection of the cover from the pump I 24.

It is, of course, the heat from the liquid in the tank |20 which, when transmitted to the plastic sheet 34, brings the latter to a temperature at which it is sumciently soft or plastic to permit its being molded to the desired shape. Additionally, such liquid heats the mold |4 so that when the plastic sheet 34 comes into contact with it, it will not be chilled during the molding process to an extent to interfere with its moldability. While the pressure of the liquid discharged into the mold cavity I6 by the pump |24 is not a high pressure, it will be appreciated that it will be sufficient to force sheet 34 up into contact with the plate member 50 on the bottom face of the cover 36 and the sheet will thus also absorb heat from the plate 50 and thus be heated from both sides. In this connection the importance of providing the bevel 40 previously described will be apparent as it will be noted from an inspection of Fig. 6 that the bevel 40 permits a body of the heated liquid to extend outwardly of the margin of the mold cavity |6 so as to effectively heat the plate member 50 beyond such margin. This insures that enough of the plastic sheet 34 outwardly of the mold depression I6 will be suflciently softened so as to permit the sheet to readily bend over the edge 24 between the cavity I6 and the surface 22 into conformance with the sides of the mold depressions during the molding operation. The rounding of the edge 24, as shown in Fig. 6, not only aids the bending of the plastic sheet as thus softened as above described but aids in eliminating a sharp bend which might otherwise tend to break the plastic sheet at this point if not brought to a sufficiently soft condition.

When the plastic sheet 34 has been sufficiently softened by the application of heat through the liquid in the tank I 20 thereto it is caused to conform to the shape of the mold depression I6 by the application of fluid pressure to its upper face. Such iiuid pressure is supplied in the form of air pressure transmitted thereto through an air line |40 extending longitudinally of the cover 36, over the same, and provided with a plurality of branches |42 which project down through the cover 36 and open upon the lower face thereof, said branches being suitably sealed to the upper and lower members 48 and 50, respectively,rof the cover 36. The line |40 is connected by a flexible hose |44 with a suitable source of air under pressure and a valve |46 is provided in the line I 40 to controlthe flow of air therethrough to the various branches |42.

The application of air from the pipe line |40 through the various branches |42 to the upper face of the softened sheet of plastic 34 is accompanied by a simultaneous stopping of the pump |24 if the latter has not already been stopped, the application of the air to between the cover 36 and the upper face of the plastic sheet 34 causing the plastic sheet 34 to be deformed into contact with the walls of the mold cavity I6 and simultaneously displaces the heated fluid from between the sheet of plastic material 34 and the mold cavity I6. When -the pump |24 is stopped operating and the flow of fluid through the pipe |02 and pump |24 is reversed the stem |I| and its head |I2 drop, the head ||2 coming to rest against the seat I|4 on the member |04 and the hot liquid is thus ejected through the openings I|8 in the head |I2. During the initial depression of the plastic sheet 34 under the inliuence of air under pressure introduced between it and the cover 36 some of the liquid may also escape through the pipes I 35 and be returned to the tank |20 in this manner, but it will `be appreciated that the ybulk of the liquid will be returned through the pipe |02l and its flow will continue until the plastic sheet 34 in being pressed against the walls of the mold depression I6 has ejected all of heated liquid from the mold depression.

When the plastic sheet 34 has thus been made to completely conform to the inner wallsof the mold depression I6,Y then it is cooled, or allowed to become sufficiently cool so as to again become rigid. Inasmuch as the mold I4 has, of course, become heated through Contact with the heated liquid from the tank |20, if the formed plastic was allowed to cool simply through natural cooling of the mold and its associated parts a considerable time element would be required. For this reason and particularly in quantity production of the molded parts it is desired to provide means for rapidly cooling the mold, and consequently the molded plastic body therein. As previously explained this is accomplished in accordance with the particular embodiment of the apparatus shown by filling the chamber 32 with the coolant liquid and this is accomplished in the following manner.

A tank |50, shown more or less diagrammatically in Fig. 2, is connected by a pipe line |52 through a pump |54 with the chamber 32 through the bottom wall 30 thereof. A pipe line |56 connected at opposite ends of the apparatus with the highest points in the chamber 32 leads back to the upper end of the tank |50. Preferably the liquid in the tank |50 is refrigerated to a greater or lesser extent and as illustrative of a suitable method of accomplishment such refrigeration the tank |50 is shown as being provided with a cooling coil |58 therein through which a suitable refrigerant may be circulated in a conventional manner. Accordingly, when a sufficient time element has elapsed from the time the air under pressure in the pipe line |40 has been introduced to between the plastic sheet 34 and the cover 36to insure the plastic sheet having been forced into complementary conformation with respect to the depression I6 of the mold I4, and while such air pressure is maintained upon the plastic, the pump |54 is actuated to withdraw liquid from the tank 50 and ll the chamber 32. The refrigerated liquid in thus rushing into the chamber 32 Will displace air therefrom out through the pipes |56 to the tank |50 from which such air will escape to the atmosphere, and after the chamber 32 has once been lled the pump will circulate the refrigerated liquid from the tank I 50 through the chamber 32 and out through `the pipe lines |56 back to the tank, and this circulation will continue for a sufficient length of time to insure that the temperature of the plastic body thus formed as above described in the mold cavity I6 has been cooled sufficiently to enable it to retain its shape, whereupon the pump |54 may be stopped, thus allowing the refrigerated liquid in the chamber 32 to return to the tank |50 under gravity where the tank I 50 is below the mold, or such liquid may be pumped back to the tank 50 where the mold is on a level with, or above, the mold.

From the above it will be appreciated that in carrying out the method of the present invention the tank is lled with a suitable liquid which is brought to a desired temperature by means of the coil |22 or equivalent. Obviously the temperature of the liquid in the tank 20 and consequently the temperature to which the plastic sheet 34 will be subjected will depend upon the particular type of plastic material being utilized for the forming operation. As a matter of illustration it may be stated that when the plastic sheet 34 is formed from cellulose acetate the liquid in the tank |20 is preferably brought to a temperature of from 325 to 350 F. The liquid employed may be any suitable type of liquid not adversely aifecting the plastic material and capable of being heated to this temperature without deleterious effects thereon or boiling of the liquid. Oil is suitable for this use but it has been found that ethylene glycol is superior to oil inasmuch as by its use the transfer ,of heat -from it to the sheet of plastic appears to be more rapid than when oil is used.

Additionally, the tank |50 is filled with liquid which may be refrigerated to the desired low temperature without materially increasing its viscosity. Water will usually be found sufficient to use for this purpose and its temperature may be reduced by the refrigerating coils |58 preferably to a temperature of from 35 to 55 F. The liquid in the two tanks |20 and |50 thus having been brought to the desired temperature, it will usually be kdesirable to bring the cover 36 and particularly the plate member 50 thereof up to the temperature of the oil in the tank |20 prior to inserting the plastic sheet 34 in the mold and in such case the valve |60 positioned in the pipe |02 between the branch |26 and the mold cavity i6 may be closed and the pump |24 placed in operation thus to cause the heated liquid to circulate through the chamber 52 only.

Under the above described circumstances and assuming that .the cover 3,6 has been brought up tothe desired temperature, fluid under pressure is .applied to the lower end of the pistons `80 in the cylinder 'I8 and the cover 36 is raised if not already in this position. Then a flat sheet of plastic 34 which lhas been previously cut to conform tothe 4outline of the periphery of the flange 20 of the mold .|4 is positioned upon the flat surface 22 of the flange 20 in peripheral alignment with the periphery of the flange 20, whereupon the fluid pressure in the cylinders 18 is relieved and .the .cover .36 is allowed to ldescend upon the plastic sheet 34, whereupon fluid pressure is applied .to the cylinder and piston assemblies 'I0 of the clamping means thereby to actuate the clamping arms or levers 68 -to firmly draw the cover Sli-down toward the mold .|4 and clamp the marginal edge portions of the plastic sheet 34 therebetween. This having been done the valve |60 `is opened so as to flood the mold cavity I6 with the hot liquid from the tank |20, such hot liquid yflowing up into contact with the lower face of the plastic sheet 34 thereby to heat it and raise it to the desired temperature required to soften it sumciently to permit the subsequent molding operation thereon.

The time which the hot liquid in the tank |20 must be allowed to remain in contact with the plastic sheet '34 to soften it to the desired extent will, of course, depend upon the particular material from which the sheet is formed, the thickness of the plastic sheet 434, the temperature of the liquid in contact with the sheet, the rapidity with which the heat from the liquid is transmitted to the plastic sheet, and whether or not the cover 3.6 is heated. In the case of cellulose acetate and a liquid temperature of from k325 to 350 F. as in the specific example above given, where the cover 36 is heated as described, and where the plastic sheet is from one-quarter to ve-siX-teenths of an inch thick, a time period of from .two and onehalf to three minutes is usually required where the heating liquid is oil. Where ethylene glycol is employed instead vcf oil then this time period may be cut down to about two minutes. When such time element has elapsed after application of the heated liquid to the cavity |64, then the pump |24 is stopped and the valve |46 controlling the flow of air to the pipe line |40 is opened and air under pressure then flows through the branches |42 to between the plastic sheet 34 and the cover 36. Such air may, if desired, also be heated but no material benefit has been found in doing so.

The air pressure employed must, of course, be sufficient to cause the softened plastic sheet to stretch and conform to the mold cavity and the amount of pressure so used will, of course, depend upon the thickness of the plastic sheet, the amount which must be stretched in order to conform to the mold cavity, and to other considerations. m the :case of the particular example given and where forming the article illustrated in Fig. 'l which is approximately thirteen feet long, and with a maximum radius of eighteen inches vcomprising the maximum draw or deformation required, an air pressure of from 35 to 60 pounds per square inch has been found suitable. In such case and in the speciiic example given it usually requires approximately one and three-quarters minutes to insure the plastic sheet driving out all of the hot liquid trappe-d in the mold cavity .I0 and cause :the plastic sheet to fully conform to the interior surfaces .of the mold cavity I6. It will be understood, of course, that .during this forming operation the marginal portion of the plastic sheet 34 Vclamped between the cover and the mold is securely maintained in such position and it is only that portion of .the plastic sheet -overlying the open face of the mold cavity, and perhaps a slight portion lthereof extending away from each open edge that lis stretched out during the forming operation. The hot liquid in the cav-- ity |6 remains in contact with the plastic material until :the latter is in substantially its final form and, of course, the mold i4 is heated-at such time through its contact with the heating liquid so that although the plastic material is in contact with the mold it is still in a condition enabling it to be readily stretched,

When the air pressure has been applied to -the upper face of the plastic sheet for ya suilcient length of time .t0 insure its conformance to the wall of the mold cavity, .and while the air .pressure Ais still vmaintained thereon, the pump |54 is put into .operation and this substantially immediately l'ls the interior of the .chamber 32 with the refrigerated liquid from the tank |50. This refrigerated liquid quickly withdraws heat from the mold i4 and the mold .I4 in turn withdraws `the heat from the formed plastic lwithin the mold .cavity i6 and as soon as the molded plastic body has thus been sufiiciently cooled -to insure its retaining its molded shape, it may be removed from the mold. The time required for this Acooling v,operation will, of course, vary -in accordance with vthe temperature -of the ycooling liquid, the thickness of the plastic sheet, the

thickness of the mold and the material from which it is formed, and other factors, but in the specific example given by way of illustration and where the mold I4 is formed from aluminum, a period of two to three minutes will usually be found suflicient to set the plastic material in its molded condition, upon which the pump |54 may be stopped, the valve |46 controlling the iioW of air to the molds shut olf, the clamping arms 68 released by relieving the pressure applied to the piston and Cylinder assemblies 1i), and then fluid pressure may be applied to the lower ends of the cylinders 18 to lift the cover 36, whereupon the molded article may be removed from the mold.

By the method described molded plastic articles may be quickly and accurately formed from sheets of plastic to their final size, shape and contour in a quick and efficient manner.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim by Letters Patent is:

1. In the molding of plastic bodies by the use of a mold having a mold cavity therein and a cover for the open face of the cavity, the steps of clamping a flat sheet of plastic material between said cover and said mold, flooding the interior of said mold cavity with a heated liquid in contact with said sheet until said sheet has been softened, and then applying gas pressure between said cover and said sheet whereby to cause such softened sheet to be stretched into contact with the walls of said cavity and force said heated liquid from said cavity, and removing said molded material vfrom said cavity after it has cooled sufficiently to retain its molded shape.

2. In the molding of plastic bodies by the use of a mold having a mold cavity therein and a cover for the open face of the cavity, the steps of clamping a flat sheet of plastic material be tween said cover and said mold, flooding the interior of said mold cavity with a heated liquid in contact with said sheet until said sheet has been softened, and then applying gas pressure between said cover and said sheet whereby to cause such softened sheet to be stretched into contact with the walls of said cavity and force said heated liquid from said cavity, then artificially cooling said mold by applying a cooling medium to` the exterior surfaces thereof, and

then removing said molded material from said r cavity when it has cooled sufficiently to retain its molded shape.

3. In the molding'of bodies formed from plastic material by means of a mold having a mold cavity therein and a hollow cover for the mold having a substantially flat face for application to the face of the mold in which cavity is formed, the steps of interposing a at sheet of plastic material between said cover and said mold over the open face of said mold cavity and clamping the marginal edges thereof between said cover and said mold, filling said cavity and said hollow cover with a heated fluid under a sufficient pressure to force said sheet into contact with said cover over the area of the open face of said mold thereby to apply heat to said sheet until the material thereof has been softened sufficiently to permit the required stretching thereof, then discontinuing the flow of said heated fluid to said mold cavity and applying gas under pressure to between said sheet and said cover whereby to cause said softened sheet to be stretched intov conformance with the size, shape and contour of said mold cavity and force said heated fluid from said mold cavity and maintaining said gaseous pressure on said sheet until the material thereof has cooled sufficiently to retain its thus stretched shape, n

4. In the molding of bodies formed from plastic material by means of a mold having a mold cavity therein and a hollow cover for the mold having a substantially iiat face for application to the face of the mold in which cavity is formed, the steps of interposing` a fiat sheet of plastic material between said cover and said mold over the open face of said mold cavity and. clamping the marginal edges thereof between said cover and said mold, filling said cavity and said hollow cover with a heated fluid under a suiiicient pressure to force said sheet into contact with said cover over the area of the open face of said mold thereby to apply heat to said sheet until the material thereof has been softened sufficiently to permit the required stretching thereof, then discontinuing the ow of said heated fluid to said mold cavity and applying gas under pressure to between said sheet and said cover whereby to cause said softened sheet to be stretched into conformance with the size, shape and contour of said mold cavity and force said heated fluid from said mold cavity, then applying a cooling fluid to the exterior sur face of that portion of said mold in which said cavity is formed, and maintaining said gaseous pressure on said sheet until the material thereof has cooled suiiiciently to retain its thus stretched shape.

5. In a molding of bodies formed from plastic material by means of a mold having a mold cavity therein and a hollow cover for the mold having a substantially at face for application to the face of the mold in which cavity is formed, the steps of interposing a flat sheet of plastic material between said cover and said mold over the open face of said mold cavity and clamping the marginal edges thereof between said cover and said mold, filling said cavity and said hollow cover with a heated fluid under a sufficient pressure to force said sheet into contact with said cover over the area of the open face o-f said mold thereby to ap ply heat to said sheet until the material thereof has been softened sufficiently to permit the required stretching thereof, then discontinuing the liow of said heated fluid to said mold cavity and applying gas under pressure to between said sheet and said cover whereby to cause said softened sheet to be stretched into conformance with the size, shape and vcontour of said mold cavity and force said heated uid from said mold cavity, then flooding that wall of said mold opposed to the face of said mold depression with a heat absorbing liquid, and maintaining said gaseous pressure on said sheet until the material thereof has cooled sufliciently to retain its thus stretched shape.

6. Molding apparatus comprising a body having a substantially flat face and a mold cavity opening onto said face, a cover adapted lto overlie said fiat face and having a complementry flat face, clamping means associated between said mold and cover operable to draw said mold and cover relatively toward one another whereby to enable a sheet of plastic interposed between them to be marginally clamped between them, means operable to ll said mold cavity with a heated liquid, and means including a passage opening onto the fiat face of said cover inwardly of the margins thereof for introducing air under pressure to said flat face;

'7. Molding apparatuscomprising a body having a substantially fiat face and a mold cavity opening onto said face, a hollow cover adapted to overlie said flat face and having a complementary -ilat face, clamping means associated between said mold and cover operable to draw said mold and cover relatively toward one another whereby to enable a sheet of plastic interposed between them to be marginally clamped between them, means for iilling said mold cavity and said hollow cover with a heated liquid, and means for introducing air under pressure to the said flat face f said cover at a point inwardly of the outer margins thereof.

8. Molding apparatus con'iprising a body having a substantially ilat face and a mold cavity opening onto said face, a cover adapted `to over lie said at face and having a complementary flat face, clamping means ,associated between vsaid mold and cover .operable to draw said mold and cover relatively toward one another .whereby to enable a sheet of plastic interposed between them to be .marginally clamped between them, means operable to fill said mold cavity with a heated liquid, means including a `passage opening onto the ilat -face of said cover inwardly of the inargins thereof for introducing air under pressure to said flat face, and additional kmeans for bathing said mold with a coolant liquid.

9. Molding apparatus comprising a Abod-y having a substantially at face and a mold cavity opening onto said face, a cover adapted to overlie said ilat -face and having a complementary hat face, clamping means associated between said mold and cover operable to draw said mold and cover relatively toward one another whereby to enable a sheet of plastic interposed between them to be marginally clamped between them, means operable to ll said mold cavity with a heated liquid, vmeans including a passage opening onto the flat face of said cover inwardly of the margins thereof for introducing air under pressure to said at face, and means operable at will to `surround said mold with a body of coolant liquid.

10. Plastic molding apparatus comprising, in combination, a mold having a substantially ilat face and a mold cavity opening thereonto within the outer margins thereof, a cover having `a flat face adapted to be arranged in -flat and opposed relation with respect to said flat face of said mold, said cover being hollow andthe interior cavity thereof extending outwardly lbeyond the margins of said cavity Vin said mold, clamping means operable lto draw said cover and said mold relatively toward one another, means for introducing liquid to said mold cavity, and to the hollow interior of said cover, and -means for introducing `air to said flat face 0f said cover 16 within that area thereof corresponding to lthe outer margins of said cavity.

11. Plastic molding apparatus comprising, in combination, a mold having a flat face and a mold cavity opening onto said face, a cover for closing said mold cavity and operable to clamp a sheet of plastic material between it and said fla-t face of said mold, a liquid containing tank, heating means associated with said tanl; for heating liquid therein, a pump operatively connected to said tan-k 'for withdrawing liquid therefrom, means connecting the discharge part of said pump with said mold cavity, a second liquid tank, means operatively associated with said tank for refrigerating liquid therein, a second pump operatively connected with said second tank to withdraw said refrigerated liquid therefrom, and means lfor delivering refrigerated liquid from said second pump to the exterior face of that wall of said mold in which said cavity is formed, and means for introducing air lunder pressure to that face of said cover opposed to said cavity in said mold.

12. Plastic molding apparatus comprising, in combination, a mold having a flat face and a mold cavity opening thereonto, said mold being formed to provide a chamber surrounding that wall thereof vforming said cavity, a cover member overlying said flat face and said mold cavity, clamping means co-operable between said mold and said cover member for relatively drawing one toward the other thereof whereby to enable a sheet of plastic to be marginally clamped between them, a liquid tank, heating means operatively associated with said tank for heating liquid therein, means for withdrawing heated liquid from said tank and delivering it to said mold cavity, means for introducing air under pressure to that face of said cover opposed to said mold cavity, a second liquid tank, means for refrigerating liquid in said second tank, and means for delivering said refrigerated liquidl from said second tank to said chamber.

WILLIAM HAROLD BAGLEY, JR.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number ',-Name Date 2,234,839 Edwards Mar. 11, 1941 2,362,672 Sloan Nov. 14, 1944 2,295,066 Weikert Sept. 8, 1942 1,146,413 Edison ,July 13, 1915 1,221,450 Hitchcock Apr. 3, 1917 Certiicate of Correction Patent No. 2,422,999. June 24, 1947. WILLIAM HAROLD BAGLEY, JR.

llt is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification-of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Column 16, line 14, before the word tank second occurrence, insert second; and that the said Letters Patent should be reed with this correction therein that the same may conform to the record of the ease in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 26th day of August, A. D. 1947.

[SEAL] LESLIE FRAZER,

First Assistant Uommz'ssz'onm" o Patents. 

